Microbiology

CHAPTER 1 : Basic Microbiology
01) Introduction to Medical Microbiology

CHAPTER 2 : Genetic Microbiology
02) Introduction to Genetic Microbiology
03) DNA Functions in Microbiology
04) Genetic Variations and Gene Rearrangements
05) Extra Chromosomal Elements
06) Gene Transfer
07) Cloning Strategies
08) Molecular Techniques Used in Diagnosis Microbial Diseases

CHAPTER 3 : Basic Bacteriology
09) Bacterial Cell Structure
10) Bacterial Growth Requirement
11) Bacterial Products
12) Bacterial Reproduction
13) Bacterial Growth Curve
14) Bacterial Infection

CHAPTER 5 : Medical Bacteriology
15) Genus Staphylococci
16) Genus Streptococci
17) Genus Neisseria
18) Genus Bacillus
19) Corynebacterium
20) Genus Clostridium
21) Mycobacterium
22) Lactose Fermenters Enterobactericae
23) Non Lactose Fermenters Enterobactericae

CHAPTER 6 : Medical Mycology
00) Introduction to Medical Mycology
00) Classification and Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
00) Superficial Fungal Infections
00) Candidal Infection
00) Subcutaneous Mycosis
00) Systemic Mycosis
00) Mycotoxicosis

CHAPTER 7 : Medical Virology


CHAPTER 8 : Nosocomiology


CHAPTER 9 : Basic Anti-Microbial Agents
00) Antibiotic Agents
00) Drug (Antibiotic) Resistance
00) Antibiotic Drugs Used in Combination
00) Anti-Fungal Agents
00) Anti-Viral Agents

CHAPTER 10 : Clinical Microbiology
00) Normal Bacterial Flora in Man
00) Acute Diarrhea in Childhood
00) Food Poisoning
00) Endocarditis
00) Blood Stream Infections
00) Pneumonia
00) Meningitis
00) Otitis Media
00) Sore Throat
00) Conjunctivitis
00) Urinary Tract Infection
00) Surgical Site Infection
00) Genital Tract Infection
00) Encephalitis
00) Water-Borne Diseases
00) Milk-Borne Diseases
00) Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
00) Infection in Pregnancy
00) Mother to Fetus/Newborn Transmitted Diseases
00) Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
00) Arthropods Transmitted Diseases
00) Opportunistic Infections
00) Zoonosis
00) Bacterial Toxigenic Diseases
00) Organisms Associated with Skin Ulcers
00) Skin Lesions Associated with Viral Infection
00) Organisms Associated with Skin Infection
00) Viral Hepatitis
00) Infection Causes of Jaundice

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Orthopedic

CHAPTER 1 : Traumatic Injuries
01) Classification of Open Fractures
02) Compartment Syndrome

CHAPTER 2 : Upper Limb Injuries
03) Lunate & Perilunate Dislocation
04) Distal Radius Fracture (Colles, Smith, Barton)
05) Ulnar Shaft Fracture (Nightstick)
06) Radial Shaft Fracture
07) Capitellar Fracture
08) Radial Head Fracture
09) Olecranon Fracture
10) Elbow Dislocation
11) Distal Humerus Fracture
12) Humeral Shaft Fracture
13) Proximal Humeral Fracture (Surgical Neck, Intra-articular)
14) Shoulder Dislocation
15) Clavicular Fracture

CHAPTER 3 : Lower Limb Injuries
16) Calcaneal Fracture
17) Talar Fracture
18) Ankle Dislocations & Fractures
19) Tibial Pilon Fracture (Plafond)
20) Tibial-Fibula Fracture
21) Tibial Plateau Fracture
22) Knee Ligamentous Injuries
23) Patellar Dislocation
24) Patellar Fracture
25) Tear of Quadriceps or Patellar Tendons
26) Distal Femur Fracture
27) Femoral Shaft Fracture
28) Subtrochanteric Femur Fracture
29) Femoral Neck Fracture
30) Trochanteric Hip Fracture
31) Traumatic Dislocation of Hip Joint
32) Pelvic Ring Injuries

Suggested Reading Resources:

Bernstein:	Musculoskeletal Medicine - For overviews of basic anatomy, pathoanatomy and physiology.
Hoppenfeld:	Physical Examination of the Musculo-Skeletal System - A thin green book. It has terrific pictures and explanations.
Rang:	Children’s Fractures - The best text of pediatric Orthopaedics, for the surgeon, pediatrician and primary care doctor alike.
Hoppenfeld:	Surgical Approaches in Orthopaedics - Terrific for OR preparation; most of the residents have this.
Rispoli:	Tarascon Pocket Orthopaedica. - Indispensable pocket reference.

Internet Sites:

The following sites may be good starting points for links and for other information:

• www.aaos.org -The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• www.assh.org -The American Society for Surgery of the Hand
• www.wheeless.org -Duke University orthopaedics site
• www.ejbjs.org -Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery site

ORTHOPAEDIC TERMS:

Abduction:	motion in sagittal plane—extremity moved away from midline
Adduction:	motion in coronal plane—extremity moved toward midline
Arthrocentesis:	aspiration of fluid from a joint
Arthrodesis:	fusion of a joint surgically
Comminuted:	Term used in regards to fractures indicating that there are several fragments of bone (more than two) – also: multifragmentary
Coxa:	refers to hip and prox. femur
Cubitus:	refers to elbow
Diastasis:	separation of bones that are attached by fibrous tissue (i.e. symphysis pubis). This is a distinct form of dislocation, which refers to a disruption of a diarthrodial joint
Dislocation:	complete disruption of a joint—loss of articular congruity
Genu:	refers to knee
Subluxation:	disruption of a joint with partial loss of congruity of articular surfaces.
Valgus:	angulation in a coronal plane—used in conjunction with a joint. Indicate that the extremity distal to the joint in question goes away from the midline.Example: genu valgum—knock-knees
Varus:	angulation in a coronal plane—used in conjunction with a joint. Indicate that the extremity proximal to the joint in question goes towards the midline.Example: genu varum—bow-legged
Commonly Used Abbreviations:
AP:	anteroposterior (as in X-ray view)
BON:	brief operative note
CR:	closed reduction
DF:	dorsiflexion
DNVI:	distal neurovascular status intact. (Must be completely intact for you to write this.)
EBL:	estimated blood loss
EXFIX:	external fixation
F/U:	follow up
GET:	general endotracheal
HO:	House officer or doctor on call for particular service
IM:	intramuscular or intramedullary
IVF:	intravenous fluids
LE:	lower extremity
LAC:	long arm cast
LLC:	long leg cast
NPO:	nothing by mouth (no food or liquid)---used prior to surgery
NWB:	non weight bearing (strict, absolutely no weight on affected extremity)
OOB:	out of bed
ORIF:	open reduction internal fixation
OT:	occupational therapy
PF:	plantar flexion
POC:	post operative check
POD:	post operative day number
PP:	pin prick or percutaneous pinning
PT:	physical therapy
PWB:	partial weight bearing (need to note amount: for example 25%-50% -- this is a percentage of body weight)
SAC:	short arm cast
SLC:	short leg cast
TT:	tourniquet time (tourniquets are often used in surgery to decrease the amount of operative blood loss)
TTWB:	toe touch weight bearing (this is the least amount of weight bearing possible – it is just touch down of toe for balance)
UE:	upper extremity

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Parasitology

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction
1) Definition & Conception of Parasitology
2) Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Diseases
3) Classification of Parasites

CHAPTER 2 : Protozoa - Amoeboid
4) Introduction of Amoeboid Protozoans
5) Host Living Amoeba (Entamoeba Hystolytica - Amoebiasis)
6) Free Living Amoeba

CHAPTER 3: Protozoa - Flagellate
7) Introduction of Flagellated Protozoans
8) One Flagellate Protozoa (Tryponosome)
9) One Flagellate Protozoa (Leishmania - Leishmaniasis)
10) Two Flagellates Protozoa (Ceratium)
11) Four Flagellates Protozoa (Trichomonas)
12) Eight Flagellates Protozoa (Giardia)
13) Many Flagellates Protozoa (Trychonympha)

CHAPTER 4 : Protozoa - Ciliate
Introduction of Ciliated Protozoans
Paramecium

CHAPTER 5 : Protozoa - Sporozoa
Introduction of Sporozoans
Plasmodium

CHAPTER 6 : Helminthes - Nematodes

CHAPTER 7 : Helminthes - Trematodes

CHAPTER 8 : Helminthes - Cestodes

CHAPTER 9 : Arthropods

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Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Diseases

A) Basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases:
1) The source of the infection
2) The routes of transmission
3) The susceptible host

         Parasitic disease → Infectious disease → Transmission

The combined effect of those factors, helps in:
1. Determine the spread and the prevalence of the parasites at a given time and place
2. Regulate the incidence of the parasitic diseases in certain local population

The source of the infection
1. Patient (Case): Persons who have parasites in their body and show clinical symptoms
2. Carrier: Persons who have parasites in their body but not show clinical symptoms
3. Reservoir host: Animals that harbors the same species of parasites as man. Sometimes, the parasites in the animals can be transmitted to human

The routes of transmission 
1. Congenital transmission: From mother to infant, toxoplasmosis
2. Contact transmission: 
    - Direct contact - Trichomonas vaginalis
    - Indirect contact - Ascaris lumbricodes
3. Food transmission: The infectious stage of parasites contaminated food/The meat of intermediate host containing infectious stage of parasites
4. Water transmission: Drink or contact the water contaminated the infectious stage of parasites
5. Soil transmission: Contamination of the soil by feces containing the certain stage of parasites and this stage can develop into another stage
6. Arthropod transmission: vectors of certain parasitic diseases

The susceptible host
In general, most people is the susceptible host. The parasite reaching the susceptible host must gain entrance and set up a favorable residence in order to complete its life cycle and cause the transmission of parasitic diseases

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B) The avenue of invasion:
1) Digestive tract: Most common avenue of entrance
    (food/water transmission)
2) Skin: Infective larvae perforate skin and reach to body and establish infection
    (soil/water transmission)
3) Blood: Bloodsucking insects containing infective parasites bite the skin and inject parasites into human blood
    (Arthropod transmission → Malaria)

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C) The prevention measures of the parasitic diseases:
1) Controlling the source of infection:
    - Treatment of the patients, carriers and reservoir hosts
2) Intervention at the routes of transmission:
    - Managing feces and water resource
    - Controlling or eliminating vectors and intermediate hosts
3) Protecting the susceptible hosts:
    - Paying attention to personal hygiene
    - Changing bad eating habit
    - Taking medicine

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Definition & Conception of Parasitology

A) Definition of parasitology: 
1) Parasitology -
The study of parasites, their hosts and the relationship between them
2) Clinical parasitology -
The study of parasites and the parasitic diseases that may affects the hosts

The relevance of studies parasites and parasitic disease

Parasites	Morphology Life Cycle
	Pathogenesis
Parasitic Diseases
	Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

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B) Conceptions related to clinical parasitology:

1) Symbiosis
2) Parasites and type of parasites
3) Host and common type of hosts
4) Life cycle and common type of life cycles

Symbiosis
The relationship between two living things (animals). Two living things live together and involve protection or other advantages to one or both partners:
1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism
3. Parasitism

Commensalism	Both partners are able to lead independent lives, but one may gain advantage from the association when they are together and least not damage to the other
Mutualism	An association which is beneficial to both living things
Parasitism	An association which beneficial to one partner and harmful to the other partner. The former that is beneficial to is called parasite, the latter that is harmful to is called host

Parasites and type of parasites
Parasites, is an animals that is dependent on another animal (host) for it survivals. Types of parasites:
1. Protozoa
2. Helminthes
3. Arthropods

Protozoa
Helminthes	- Nematodes	→	Endoparasites	A parasites which lives in the body of the host
	- Trematodes
	- Cestodes
Arthropods		→	Ectoparasites	A parasite which lives on the body of the host

Host and common type of hosts
Host, is an organisms that harbors the parasites usually larger than the parasite. Type of hosts:
1. Intermediate host
2. Final host
3. Reservoir host

Intermediate host	The host harboring the larvae or asexual stage of parasite
Final host	The host harboring adult or sexual stage of parasite
Reservoir host	Animals harboring the same species of parasites as man. Potential sources of human infection

Life cycle and common type of life cycles
life cycle is the whole process of parasite growing and developing. Type of life cycles:
1. Direct life cycle
2. Indirect life cycle

Direct life cycle	Life cycle with only one host (no intermediate host)
Indirect life cycle	Life cycle with more than one host (intermediate host and final host)

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C) Relationship (effect) between parasites and host:

1) Effect of parasites on the host

2) Effect of host on the parasites

↗produce mechanical injuries to the host ↘

Parasite →             harbor in the            → Host

↖Produce immune response to the parasite↙

Effect of parasites on the host

1. Depriving the host of essential substance

(e.g. Hookworm → suck blood → anemia)

2. Mechanical effect of parasites on the host

(e.g. Ascaris → perforated/obstruction)

3. Toxic and allergy effect

(e.g. E. Hystolitica → proteolytic enzyme → necrosis)

(e.g. parasite antigen → immune system → anaphylaxis)

Effect of host on the parasites
The host can produce certain degree resistance to parasites in human body or re-infection. the resistance (immunity) is not very strong. In general, it don't wipe out parasites completely, but may limit the number of parasites and establish balance with parasites. Type of immunities:
1. Innate immunity
2. Acquired immunity

Innate immunity	1. Barrier: prevent parasites to invade in certain degree from skin / mucous membrane / placenta 2. Acid in skin or stomach: can cause damage of the parasites 3. Phagocytosis of phagocyte: non-specific / effective against a wide range of parasitic infection / controlled by genetic factors → BUT NOT VERY STRONG
Acquired immunity	Mechanism: Cellular and humoral immunity - Sterilizing immunity: wipe out the parasites completely, meanwhile get a long-term specific resistance to re-infection → RARE - Non-sterilizing immunity: wipe out most of the parasites, but not completely → COMMON → NO PARASITE, NO IMMUNITY

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Next → Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Disease

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