Parasitology

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction
1) Definition & Conception of Parasitology
2) Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Diseases
3) Classification of Parasites

CHAPTER 2 : Protozoa - Amoeboid
4) Introduction of Amoeboid Protozoans
5) Host Living Amoeba (Entamoeba Hystolytica - Amoebiasis)
6) Free Living Amoeba

CHAPTER 3: Protozoa - Flagellate
7) Introduction of Flagellated Protozoans
8) One Flagellate Protozoa (Tryponosome)
9) One Flagellate Protozoa (Leishmania - Leishmaniasis)
10) Two Flagellates Protozoa (Ceratium)
11) Four Flagellates Protozoa (Trichomonas)
12) Eight Flagellates Protozoa (Giardia)
13) Many Flagellates Protozoa (Trychonympha)

CHAPTER 4 : Protozoa - Ciliate
Introduction of Ciliated Protozoans
Paramecium

CHAPTER 5 : Protozoa - Sporozoa
Introduction of Sporozoans
Plasmodium

CHAPTER 6 : Helminthes - Nematodes

CHAPTER 7 : Helminthes - Trematodes

CHAPTER 8 : Helminthes - Cestodes

CHAPTER 9 : Arthropods

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Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Diseases

A) Basic factors of transmission of parasitic diseases:
1) The source of the infection
2) The routes of transmission
3) The susceptible host

         Parasitic disease → Infectious disease → Transmission

The combined effect of those factors, helps in:
1. Determine the spread and the prevalence of the parasites at a given time and place
2. Regulate the incidence of the parasitic diseases in certain local population

The source of the infection
1. Patient (Case): Persons who have parasites in their body and show clinical symptoms
2. Carrier: Persons who have parasites in their body but not show clinical symptoms
3. Reservoir host: Animals that harbors the same species of parasites as man. Sometimes, the parasites in the animals can be transmitted to human

The routes of transmission 
1. Congenital transmission: From mother to infant, toxoplasmosis
2. Contact transmission: 
    - Direct contact - Trichomonas vaginalis
    - Indirect contact - Ascaris lumbricodes
3. Food transmission: The infectious stage of parasites contaminated food/The meat of intermediate host containing infectious stage of parasites
4. Water transmission: Drink or contact the water contaminated the infectious stage of parasites
5. Soil transmission: Contamination of the soil by feces containing the certain stage of parasites and this stage can develop into another stage
6. Arthropod transmission: vectors of certain parasitic diseases

The susceptible host
In general, most people is the susceptible host. The parasite reaching the susceptible host must gain entrance and set up a favorable residence in order to complete its life cycle and cause the transmission of parasitic diseases

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B) The avenue of invasion:
1) Digestive tract: Most common avenue of entrance
    (food/water transmission)
2) Skin: Infective larvae perforate skin and reach to body and establish infection
    (soil/water transmission)
3) Blood: Bloodsucking insects containing infective parasites bite the skin and inject parasites into human blood
    (Arthropod transmission → Malaria)

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C) The prevention measures of the parasitic diseases:
1) Controlling the source of infection:
    - Treatment of the patients, carriers and reservoir hosts
2) Intervention at the routes of transmission:
    - Managing feces and water resource
    - Controlling or eliminating vectors and intermediate hosts
3) Protecting the susceptible hosts:
    - Paying attention to personal hygiene
    - Changing bad eating habit
    - Taking medicine

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Previous → Definition & Conception of Parasitology

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Definition & Conception of Parasitology

A) Definition of parasitology: 
1) Parasitology -
The study of parasites, their hosts and the relationship between them
2) Clinical parasitology -
The study of parasites and the parasitic diseases that may affects the hosts

The relevance of studies parasites and parasitic disease

Parasites	Morphology Life Cycle
	Pathogenesis
Parasitic Diseases
	Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Prevention

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B) Conceptions related to clinical parasitology:

1) Symbiosis
2) Parasites and type of parasites
3) Host and common type of hosts
4) Life cycle and common type of life cycles

Symbiosis
The relationship between two living things (animals). Two living things live together and involve protection or other advantages to one or both partners:
1. Commensalism
2. Mutualism
3. Parasitism

Commensalism	Both partners are able to lead independent lives, but one may gain advantage from the association when they are together and least not damage to the other
Mutualism	An association which is beneficial to both living things
Parasitism	An association which beneficial to one partner and harmful to the other partner. The former that is beneficial to is called parasite, the latter that is harmful to is called host

Parasites and type of parasites
Parasites, is an animals that is dependent on another animal (host) for it survivals. Types of parasites:
1. Protozoa
2. Helminthes
3. Arthropods

Protozoa
Helminthes	- Nematodes	→	Endoparasites	A parasites which lives in the body of the host
	- Trematodes
	- Cestodes
Arthropods		→	Ectoparasites	A parasite which lives on the body of the host

Host and common type of hosts
Host, is an organisms that harbors the parasites usually larger than the parasite. Type of hosts:
1. Intermediate host
2. Final host
3. Reservoir host

Intermediate host	The host harboring the larvae or asexual stage of parasite
Final host	The host harboring adult or sexual stage of parasite
Reservoir host	Animals harboring the same species of parasites as man. Potential sources of human infection

Life cycle and common type of life cycles
life cycle is the whole process of parasite growing and developing. Type of life cycles:
1. Direct life cycle
2. Indirect life cycle

Direct life cycle	Life cycle with only one host (no intermediate host)
Indirect life cycle	Life cycle with more than one host (intermediate host and final host)

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C) Relationship (effect) between parasites and host:

1) Effect of parasites on the host

2) Effect of host on the parasites

↗produce mechanical injuries to the host ↘

Parasite →             harbor in the            → Host

↖Produce immune response to the parasite↙

Effect of parasites on the host

1. Depriving the host of essential substance

(e.g. Hookworm → suck blood → anemia)

2. Mechanical effect of parasites on the host

(e.g. Ascaris → perforated/obstruction)

3. Toxic and allergy effect

(e.g. E. Hystolitica → proteolytic enzyme → necrosis)

(e.g. parasite antigen → immune system → anaphylaxis)

Effect of host on the parasites
The host can produce certain degree resistance to parasites in human body or re-infection. the resistance (immunity) is not very strong. In general, it don't wipe out parasites completely, but may limit the number of parasites and establish balance with parasites. Type of immunities:
1. Innate immunity
2. Acquired immunity

Innate immunity	1. Barrier: prevent parasites to invade in certain degree from skin / mucous membrane / placenta 2. Acid in skin or stomach: can cause damage of the parasites 3. Phagocytosis of phagocyte: non-specific / effective against a wide range of parasitic infection / controlled by genetic factors → BUT NOT VERY STRONG
Acquired immunity	Mechanism: Cellular and humoral immunity - Sterilizing immunity: wipe out the parasites completely, meanwhile get a long-term specific resistance to re-infection → RARE - Non-sterilizing immunity: wipe out most of the parasites, but not completely → COMMON → NO PARASITE, NO IMMUNITY

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Next → Basic Transmission & Prevention of Parasitic Disease

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