Cardiology Manual

Contents Basic Cardiology Clinical Anatomy & Physiology Cardiology Case taking Clinical Approach to Cardiac Patient Cardiology Disease Congenital Heart Disease in Adult Valvular Heart Disease Rheumatic Fever Infective...

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Respiratory Medicine

Contents Respiratory Case Taking History Taking Symptoms of Chest Disease- (Cough, Expectoration, Wheezes, Dyspnea, Hemoptysis, Chest Pain) Investigation- (Chest X-ray, Pulmonary Function Test) Basic...

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Respiratory Alkalosis

CausesStimulated respiratory driveCNSCVA, ICH, psychogenic HypermetabolicThyrotoxicosis Pregnancy (Progesterone)(Secondary to reduced FRC) Sepsis (fever) (often before metabolic acidosis) DT, anxiety, pain DKA and aspirin OD EnvironmentalHYPERthermia (Heat tetany) DrugsAspirin OD Progesterone Liver failure (encephalopathy) with hyperammonaemia (ammonia) Iatrogenic mechanical ventilation Hypoxemia inducedPneumonia, PE, asthma Congenital...

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Respiratory Acidosis

CausesDecreased respiratory driveCNS:CVA, tumour, infection (encephalitis), haemorrhage DrugsNarcotics and sedatives Decreased chest wall movementNeurologicalNM disorders, Guillain-Barre Myasthenia gravis, demyelinating disorders Tetanus ToxicityMuscle relaxants, Organophosphates, fentanyl Respiratory (Acute)Trauma, surgery, chest wall deformity Tension pneumothorax, pleural effusion Upper airway obstruction EquipmentIncreased...

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Metabolic Alkalosis

Metabolic changes that result in the accumulation of base Accumulation of base occurs as a result ofIncreased acid loss Excess alkali intake CausesG          GIT excess acid lossVomit (and pyloric stenosis) NGT drainage Diarrhoea Ileostomy Dehydration R          Renal excess acid lossBartter’s Gitelman’s Diuretics (Loss of H+, K+, Cl-) O          Overdose...

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Metabolic Acidosis

Normal Anion Gap Metabolic AcidosisU            Ureteric diversion S             Small bowel fistula E             Extra chloride (ED resuscitation) or HCl ingestion D            DKA (resolving) C             Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors A...

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Acid Base Disorders

Arterial blood gas analysis is used to determine the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation, assess respiratory function and determine the acid–base balance. These data provide information regarding potential primary and compensatory...

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